
FORESTRY IN AMERICA 

AS REFLECTED IN 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 

OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 



BY 



BARRINGTON MOORE 



[Reprinted from Forestiy Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. i, 
March, 1914.] 



Press of 

Watchman Printing House, 

Bellefonte, Pa. 



D, W * 






sill 



FORESTRY IN AMERICA 

AS REFLECTED IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 

OF AMERICAN FORESTERS. 

By Barrington Moore. 

The object of the present review is threefold: 

First, to show the trend of thought and progress of American 
forestry as reflected in the Proceedings' of the Society of Ameri- 
can Foresters. For this purpose the articles have been arranged 
under headings, in chronological order under each heading. 

Second, to make more available for reference the material con- 
tained in the Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, 
from the first number of Volume VII, number 2, inclusive. 

Third, to give a general view of the field already covered, in 
order to show the degree of attention devoted to each subject. 

I — Historical. 

The Application and Possibilities of the Federal Forest Re- 
serve Policy. By Edward T. Allen. Vol. I, No. 2. 

Mr. Allen's article is most interesting, throwing light on the adminis- 
tration of the Forest Reserves in the Land Office days. As he says, it was 
unfortunate that, incompetent men, placed on the Reserves by political 
pull, antagonized the people by bad management. 

The Disposal of Public Lands. By George W. Woodruff. 

Vol. I, No. 2. 

This article has nothing to do with forestry, but is of interest to Ameri- 
can foresters in that it gives an account of the development, of the policy 
with regard to public lands, which gave rise to the present National 
Forests. Much stress is laid on the frauds practiced to secure public land. 

Objections to the Forest Reserves in Northern California. 
By Albert F. Potter. Vol. I, No. 2. 

Ten objections on the part of the people of Northern California are 
given to the creation of forest reserves. These objections have since dis- 
appeared ; but they serve to show the opposition with which the reserves 
first met. 

Sir Dietrich Brandis. By Gifford Pinchot. Vol. Ill, No. I. 
This is an enthusiastic appreciation of the forester who introduced the 



48 Forestry Quarterly. 

science into India, by the man who has done so much for forestry in 
America. It will serve as an inspiration to all American foresters. 

Relation Between State and Private Forestry in Pennsylvania. 

By Joseph Trimble Rothrock. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

This deals with the relation of State forestry to the public, rather than 
with the relation between State and private forestry. It is full of details 
of the difficulties encountered by the forestry movement in Pennsylvania. 

II — General. 

Forestry and Foresters. By Theodore Roosevelt. Vol. I, 

No. 1. 

This is a general article showing the vital importance of forestry to the 
United States as a whole. As Mr. Roosevelt says, the keynote of forestry 
is and always should be the upbuilding and maintenance of prosperous 
homes. 

Bibliography of Southern Appalachians. By Helen Stock- 
bridge. Vol. VI, No. 2. 

This is a compilation which will be of great value as a reference for 
those interested in the purchase of land for forest reserves in the White 
Mountains and Southern Appalachians. 

Ill — Descriptive. 

Deforestation in China. By Bailey Willis. Vol. I, No. 3. 

The treeless condition of Northern China is strikingly shown. The 
forests of once densely covered mountain ranges have been destroyed to 
such an extent that the rich are "reduced to sticks one inch in diameter by 
eight inches long for firewood." The "saving clause," which does not save 
the forests but modifies the effect of their destruction, is the wonderful skill 
with which the Chinese terrace and cultivate the bare steep slopes. 

Why Prairies are Treeless. By Alfred Gaskill. Vol. I, No. 3. 

Many facts are brought together tending to prove that prairies were 
caused by fire. These facts, though interesting, are not conclusive ; and 
the argumentative tone pervading the article reacts upon the reader. 

Some Philippine Forest Problems. By R. C. Bryant. Vol. 
II, No. 1. 

This article gives some of the difficulties encountered in introducing 
forestry into the Philippines, difficulties naturally attendant upon studying 
tropical forests containing vast numbers of unidentified species whose 
growth and silvical characteristics cannot be investigated by methods used 
in temperate regions. Great as are the difficulties which Mr. Bryant brings 
out, he does not touch upon the greatest obstacle of all, namely, the sys- 
tem of Caingins, or shifting, cultivation by which large areas of virgin 
forests are annually destroyed for the sake of two or three years' miser- 



Forestry in America. 49 

able cultivation. Native hostility is also a serious drawback. For further 

information on the Philippine forests, see article by H. N. Whitford in 
Vol. VI, No. 1. 



Some Forest Problems in Hazvaii. By Ralph S. Hosmer. Vol. 
II, No. 1. 

An account of industrial conditions in the islands. The minor impor- 
tance of forestry shows rather strikingly; but eventually there will be an 
opportunity for valuable silvical investigations. The main efforts must, 
just now, be directed toward protecting the forest land, most of which 
belongs to the government. 

Some Forest Problems of the Middle West. By Hugh P. 
Baker. Vol. Ill, No. 1. 

This paper presents some of the problems of small farm forestry and 
advocates their solution. It is a general article of the propagandist type. 
Although containing little specific information, yet it undoubtedly served 
a very useful purpose. 

Forest Resources and Problems of Canada. By B. E. Fernow. 
Vol. VII, No. 2. 

This is an account of forest conditions in Canada. The first part of 
the paper is devoted to a description of the timber resources of Canada 
as known at present, and is illustrated by a map of forest regions. There 
is less timber, it occurs in more inaccessible regions, and is of poorer 
quality than in the United States. The second part gives an instructive 
and astonishing account of the Government's policv and methods with 
regard to the disposal of its timber. 

State Forestry Problems. By A. F. Hawes, State Forester, 
Vermont. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

The bulk of this article is devoted to questions which arise in fire pro- 
tection, some of which apply to other eastern States. Protection from 
insects and animals (chiefly hedgehogs) is also discussed. 

IV — SlLVICS. 

Results of a Rocky Mountain Forest Fire, Studied Fifty Years 
After Its Occurrence. By W. J. Gardner. Vol. I, No. 2. 

This is the first forestry article appearing in the Proceedings discussing 
actual forestry work on a specific problem ; and it is perhaps significant 
that it should have been placed at the end of the number. The author 
gives his observations first in a general manner on the region, then on the 
influence of aspen, and on the restocking of the burn, followed by a few 
figures on the reproduction, growth, and tolerance of Engelmann Spruce. 
Though no particularly important results were obtained, still this is a 
distinct beginning. 



50 Forestry Quarterly. 

Principles Involved in Determining Forest Types By Raphael 

Zon. Vol. I, No. 3. 

This is one of the first purely scientific articles appearing in the Pro- 
ceedings, and one of the best. The author shows the scientific spirit in 
reaching after fundamental principles. He states very truly that physical 
factors are the causes of forest types. He makes one omission in that he 
fails to point out the importance of certain temporary types in forest 
management. An example of such a temporary type would be Douglas fir 
on the Pacific Coast ; in this case the forester should not "endeavor to ob- 
tain in the shortest possible time the original forest type." Aside from this 
slight and natural omission, the principles laid down are those generally 
recognized by foresters to-day. 

Objects and Methods of Establishing Permanent Sample Plots. 

By W. D. Sterrett. Vol. II, No. 1. 

Brief and instructive details of the objects and methods of establishing 
permanent sample plots are given. The article is strictly preliminary ; and 
the objects given are therefore general. Some work has been done, but no 
results as yet obtained. This work has since been more highly developed 
at the Coconino (now Fort Valley) Experiment Station near Flagstaff, 
Arizona. However, the article shows the beginnings of careful experi- 
mentation. 

A New Explanation of the Tolerance and Intolerance of Trees. 
By Raphael Zon. Vol. II, No. 1. 

The author begins with a thorough analysis of the factors affecting 
transpiration. He proves that on dry soils the influence of moisture is 
greater than that of light. Then follows account of experiments demon- 
strating that tree roots dry the soil. This is true enough, but does not 
bring out the comparative influence of light and moisture on tree growth, 
and this, after all, is the point, and one which it will be extremely difficult 
to solve considering the complex inter-relation and inter-action of the 
two factors. 

His statement that the lack of reproduction under old trees is not due 
to lack of light but to lack of moisture is too strong: it might be that 
with the same small amount of moisture but with light, seedlings would 
grow. Something might be learned by experiments which would give 
seedlings the same amount of moisture as that found in the places under 
the trees where reproduction fails, but which would also give them full 
light. It would seem that Zon's first enthusiasm for this discovery carries 
him as far in the moisture theory as Pfeil was carried in the light theory. 
For Zon's maturer judgment, see his and Graves' bulletin "Light in Rela- 
tion to Tree Growth," Forest Service bulletin No. 92. 

Some Further Considerations Regarding the Tolerance and 

Intolerance of Shade. By Herbert A. Smith. Vol. Ill, No. 1. 

Mr. Smith speaks a word of caution against being carried too far by 
Mr. Zon's enthusiasm for the new discoveries of the effect of moisture 
on tolerance. 

Silvical Notes on Lodgepole Pine. By E. R. Hodson. Vol. 

Ill, No. 1. 

This paper gives some very interesting and important facts which were 
hitherto unknown, and draws logical conclusions about the reproduction 



Forestry in America. 5 1 

of lodgepole pine. The discovery that too dense a stocking was injurious 
and that about 8,000 seedlings per acre constitute an optimum full stock- 
ing is well worth knowing. Some of his other facts are equally useful. 

Experiment Stations in Connection With the National Forests. 

By S. T. Dana. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

The author shows the far reaching significance of the new (this was 
in 1909) plans of establishing experiment stations on the National Forests, 
and touches upon some of the problems requiring solution. The estab- 
lishment of these stations is probably the most important step taken by 
the Forest Service in placing the profession on a firm foundation. The 
value of the information which these stations will some day secure cannot 
be over-estimated. 

A Study of the Reproductive Characteristics of Lodgepole 
Pine. By Cordon E. Tower. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

The author gives basic facts concerning the reproduction of lodgepole 
pine. Reproduction of this species is "not always so readily secured as 
was at first supposed." He discovered two forms: (1) that occurring 
on lime soils with cones difficult to open; and (2) that occurring on silica 
soils with cones opening readily. He also gives data on the effect of heat 
and of age of the seed on the power of germination. 

Economic Possibilities of Pinus Sabiana. By Charles H. 

Shinn. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

This article belongs under Utilization as well as under Silvics, but was 
placed here because a large part of it is devoted to a description of the 
silvical characteristics of this tree. Mr. Shinn calls attention to this little 
known but abundant, tree and gives valuable information concerning its 
characteristics and uses. 

Efficacy of Goats in Clearing Brush Lands in the Northwest. 

By Charles S. Judd. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

This article gives a novel if not always practicable means of clearing 
brush lands. The use of goats is probably cheaper than clearing by hand 
and as effective if the object is reforestation. 

Basket Willow Culture in Germany. By C. D. Mell. Vol V, 

No. 1. 

This is a specific article giving some interesting facts, but not all the 
facts. He does not say how long it takes to grow basket willow or how 
much it costs. 

Chaparral Areas on the Siskiyou National Forest. By H. E. 

Haefner. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This article contains interesting information about the brush fields of 
Southwestern Oregon, and silvical notes on the occurrence of the different 
types on the different geological formations. The point that the brush 



52 Forestry Quarterly. 

areas were deforested by fire is well taken. It would be worth while to 
impress that fact upon the settlers. His information about the natural 
restocking of the brush areas is too vague. We should like to know just 
what effect the brush has upon reproduction, whether it really aids repro- 
duction by preserving soil moisture or is an unmitigated evil ; what effect 
it has upon the reproduction of the different species, that is, whether 
or not. a stand formerly composed of pine will be changed to one of a 
more tolerant species which can come up through the brush ; what species 
first comes in ; and the period required for natural restocking under dif- 
ferent conditions. His recommendation about reforesting the most favor- 
able sites first is good. 

Inter-relation Betzveen Brush and Tree Growth of the Crater 
National Forest, Oregon. By Harold D. Foster. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

The author has brought together a number of interesting observations 
on the distribution, classification, and causes of brush ; also its relation 
to reproduction. These observations tend to show that brush rs caused by 
thinning of the stand due to fire. Brush keeps the soil in condition for 
reproduction but, he says, injures as much as it aids the reproduction. 
On this point there is room for argument; in the northern Sierras brush 
is the forerunner of a second forest. His attempts to find means of 
eradicating the brush show the impossibility of doing so except by 
shading. 

Sitka Spruce of Alaska. By Bruce E. Hoffman. Vol. VII, 

No. 2. 

This article contains silvical observations, chiefly on the occurrence, 
form and reproduction of Sitka spruce; illuminating details of the lum- 
ber industry in the vicinity of the Tongass National Forest; and definite 
recommendations for reconnaissance, timber sales and methods of cutting. 
At the end is a volume table based on diameter and average merchantable 
length. It is the first detailed information of the tree and region pub- 
lished. The article is an example of the manner in which American 
foresters grapple with a new problem. 

V — Ecology. 

Plant Formations and Forest Types. By F. E. Clements. Vol. 
IV, No. 1. 

Professor Clements does a marked service to the profession of forestry 
by applying the principles of ecology to forest types. In so doing he lays 
the foundation for a thoroughly scientific study of the relation of the 
forest to its habitat. The result is that he gives a more stable starting 
point from whence to attack the complex problem of determining forest 
types. The article is indispensable for a proper understanding of forest 
types. 

The Relation of Soil Acidity to Plant Societies. By Arthur W. 

vSampson. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This article is of interest not only to ecologists but to foresters. The 
author has investigated in a scientific manner the effect of soil acidity and 
of alkalinity upon the occurrence of plant, societies. His discoveries re- 



Forestry in America. 



53 



fute the theory maintained by- certain scientists that the physical texture 
and moisture of the soil are of more importance than the chemical con- 
tent. It is interesting to note that his study on the Manti National Forest 
showed that most of the tree genera found there prefer acid soils. He 
should, however, have stated the depth at which these tests were made, 
since forest soils are liable to be acid on the surface, but may be alkaline 
where the tree roots penetrate. These investigations are an important 
step in determining the fundamental physical factors which form the basis 
of forest types and on which Mr. Zon lays so much stress in his article 
"Principles Involved in Determining Forest Types," in Volume I, No. 3. 

VI — Silviculture 

Silviculture Applied to Virgin Forest Conditions. By Alfred 
Gaskill. Vol. I, No. 2. 

This article is a plea for getting down to principles in silviculture rather 
than blindly following European text books. Hence it is advice rather than 
an exposition or study of a specific silvicultural problem. But the advice 
is excellent and has since been followed. 

A Rough System of Management for Reserve Lands in the 
Western Sierras. By W. B. Greeley. Vol. II, No. 1. 

This is the best article on silviculture which "has appeared in the Pro- 
ceedings^ date. It gives in a nutshell the essential features of the region 
in question and the leading silvical characteristics of the forest. From 
these the author evolves a thoroughly sound and practical system of silvi- 
culture. It is the work of a clear trained mind applving its training in 
a practical way. It marks the beginning of the true American Silvi- 
culture. 

The Silvicultural Results of Marking Timber in National 
Forests. By Edward E. Carter. Vol. Ill, No. 1. 

The author gives in a very interesting manner the growth of systems 
of marking in the important forest regions of the west. Earlv mistakes 
are shown as well as some of the difficulties encountered and imperfec- 
tions in the methods used at. the time the paper was delivered. The 
author's one_ oversight is that he emphasizes the value of the information 
which technical men can give the rangers without bringing out the fact 
that the technical man must, have a thorough acquaintance with the forest 
before his advice can carry weight or even be worth following. 

Condition of American Silviculture. By Henry S. Graves 
Vol. Ill, No. 1. 

Mr. Graves shows how little actual practice American foresters have 
had and how little is known about the fundamental American silvical 
conditions necessary for developing proper silvicultural methods. He 
emphasizes the necessity of having a definite silvicultural aim : not to for- 
get what is desired and expected of the forest in the future, but at the 
same time, we must not become disappointed at failures. Finally he em- 
phasizes one of the most important truths in forestry, the necessitv of 
knowing principles rather than systems. 



54 Forestry Quarterly. 

Some Xotes on the Yellow Pine Forests of Alabama. By R. 
C. Bryant. Vol. IV, No. I. 

The figures on the growth of longleaf pine and the facts concerning 
lumbering clearly show the impossibility of forestry for private owners 
of longleaf pine land. Thorough silvical studies would apparently be use- 
less since there is no government land in Alabama on which the findings 
could be applied, and conditions in Florida are somewhat different. The 
silvicultural systems suggested are interesting, but would carry more 
weight if based on more silvical facts. 

The Selection System. By Henry S. Graves. Vol. V, No. i. 

In this article Mr. Graves brings together much useful information 
about the system of silviculture with which he has had much experience. 
It is the system he recommended in his Adirondack Working Plan. The 
last part of the article is particularly interesting, for he refers to the 
modification of the selection system known as the "group selection sys- 
tem" and now widely applied on National Forests bearing uneven aged 
stands. 

Management of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines. By W. W. 
Ashe. Vol. V, No. i. 

The author combines scientific information and practical application to 
a marked degree. He gives specific and fairly detailed information of 
considerable importance. The management, though a little crude, is 
probably as good as conditions will allow. The article loses by poor 
presentation some of the force which it otherwise would have. 

Strip Thinnings. By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. Vol. VI. 
No. i. 

The author gives a method of thinning dense second growth spruce and 
balsam stands in the northeast. The method is adapted only to certain 
infrequent conditions and will probably not be widely used. 

Results of Cuttings on the Minnesota National Forest Under 
the Morris Act of ip.02. By Raphael Zon. Vol. VII, No. i. 

Mr. Zon's observations indicate very poor silvicultural results from the 
cuttings under the Morris act. The seed trees left are wholly inadequate, 
cutting was done in poor seed years, and the areas have grown up with 
such rank vegetation as to prevent further reproduction, particularly of 
white pine. His recommendation about clearing off the brush with fire 
at the time of cutting is of great interest, but should be most thoroughly 
tried out before being put into practice. 

Silvicultural Systems of Management for Central Rocky 

Mountain Forests. By Carlos G. Bates. Vol. VII, No. i. 

The author gives an interesting sketch of the determining silvical 
conditions on each of the important Rocky Mountain types as far as these 
conditions were known at. the time of writing. On this basis he builds 



Forestry in America. 55 

up sound logical methods of silviculture, harmonized on the one side 
with the interests of the forest and on the other with those of lumber- 
men. Since the article was written lodgepole pine has been found to be 
far less intolerant than had been commonly supposed. This would make 
possible the application of the selection system which the author rejects, 
but would not prevent the use of the group selection system which he 
advocates. 

Border Cuttings: A Suggested Department in American Sil- 
viculture. By A. B. Recknagel. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

A detailed description of an European method of silviculture applicable 
only in accessible regions where intensive forestry is possible. Although 
not practicable for America's present day conditions, the method is worth 
knowing about for future reference. 

Sihicultural Systems for Western Yellow Pine. Bv Earle H. 
Clapp. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

This valuable paper brings together all the silvicultural information 
gathered by the Forest Service concerning western yellow pine. It recon- 
ciles the two opposing methods of handling the tree, the shelterwood 
method, and the group selection. Mr. Clapp shows that the latter is 
applicable to all but unfavorable situations on which reproduction requires 
shelter. Here the shelterwood system is better for securing new repro- 
duction. The difficulty is that under present logging conditions much of 
the stand — up to two-thirds of the volume — must be removed at the first 
cut, thus largely destroying the shelter. Furthermore the area cannot be 
cut again for from 30 to 50 years, by which time the reproduction will 
have been shaded out, or will be badly damaged by the removal of the 
remaining well distributed portion of the stand. 

Natural versus Artificial Regeneration in the Douglas Fir Re- 
gion of the Pacific Coast. By Thornton T. Hunger. Vol. VII. 
No. 2. 

The author describes conditions in the Douglas fir region of the Pacific 
Coast, and gives the pros and cons of both methods of regeneration. He 
seems to be on the defensive throughout, and ends by saying that, except 
in four exceptional classes which he mentions above, "natural regenera- 
tion is practicable, reasonably sure of success, and as inexpensive as any 
method of artificial regeneration." Such opinions will, it is hoped, lead 
to thorough experiments _ to determine the applicability of both methods 
before the Service commits itself to either. 

VII — FORESTATION. 

Problems in Nursery Practice. Bv Clifford Robert Pettis. 

Vol. IV, No. 1. 

This paper forms a very valuable contribution to all work connected 
with forest nurseries. It gives in a clear manner the essential details of 
the author's experience in directing the work of the largest scientifically 
managed forest nursery in the United States. 



56 Forestry Quarterly. 

The Growing of Eucalypts. By Fred G. Plummet-. Vol. V, 

No. 1. 

Here is what a man wants to know before planting Eucalyptus. It is 
a general article followed by eleven pages of bibliography of Eucalyptus, 
so will serve as an excellent reference for anyone wishing further infor- 
mation on these important trees. 

Experiments in Sandhill Planting. By Carlos G. Bates. Vol. 

V, No. 1. 

This article shows very distinct progress in forestry thought and prac- 
tice. It is detailed, specific, and extremely instructive. The author gives 
a series of very interesting experiments which were made in such a way 
as to show how each factor acts and why. The effect of plant competition 
on the moisture supply is particularly interesting. The article is, there- 
fore, pure forestry of great future value, not only for the sandhills of 
Nebraska, but for every other region, as suggesting lines of investigation 
to be followed anywhere. 

Hardy Catalpa; a Study of Conditions in Kansas Plantations. 

By A. E. Oman. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

The author gives interesting and instructive details concerning the 
starting and care of hardy catalpa stands. He treats the subject in a 
careful and detailed manner, giving the causes of all the facts and recom- 
mendations he brings out. The article is therefore a valuable addition 
both to the forester's and farmer's knowledge of handling this valuable 
tree. 

Eucalyptus Possibilities on the Coronado National Forest. By 

R. L. Rogers. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

A thorough knowledge of conditions on the Coronado help to make 
Mr. Rogers' article of interest and value. He shows clearly that, although 
certain species of Eucalyptus can probably withstand the temperatures, 
it is doubtful if they could endure the drought unless previously estab- 
lished by irrigation. His conclusion is the need for thorough experimen- 
tation. The article is written in a careful scientific spirit, and should be 
read by all foresters who have under consideration the planting of 
Eucalyptus in arid regions. 

Seed Production and How to Study It. By Raphael Zon and 
C. R. Tillotson. Vol. VI, No. 2. 

This article is the result of painstaking and scientific effort. In the 
first place the authors state the four problems involved. The mere state- 
ment of these problems is a stimulus to forestry research. The history 
of the study of seed production is given in detail from its beginning to 
the present time ; presented last is Zon's and Tillotson's method of study- 
ing seed production, which, briefly, consists in determining the per acre 
production of seed for any given stand. The method is somewhat com- 
plex and the idea is not concurred in by all foresters (see discussion 
of this article in Vol. VII, No. 1). Nevertheless the article has vigor 
and originality and marks a distinct step forward in the professional 
thought of the country. 



Forestry in America. 57 

Seed Production and How to Study It: Discussion* By S. T. 
Dana, Bristow Adams, and Raphael Zon. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This paper is wholly different from any of the others, except Mr. 
Herbert A. Smith's ''Some Further Considerations Regarding Tolerance 
and Intolerance of Shade," in Vol. Ill, No. 1, in that it is a discussion 
of an article which has already appeared in the Proceedings. Mr. Dana 
takes the position that Mr. Zon's sample-plot method of studying seed 
production is too complex and expensive ; furthermore it is analogous to 
the use of yield tables in finding the volume of stands, and yield tables, 
he says, are of but little use in our irregular forests. His alternative 
would be to estimate the seed crop by single trees instead of by area, 
using a previously constructed "seed-volume-table/' just, as a timber esti- 
mator uses a volume table of board contents. 

Mr. Bristow Adams has no faith in either method of studying seed 
production and believes that there are other problems which are more 
in need of solution. He gives methods of increasing the seed crop of 
individual trees. Then follows Mr. Zon's reply to Mr. Dana and Mr. 
Dana's reply to Mr. Zon, at the end apparently neither being converted. 
The discussion serves to bring out the advantages and disadvantages of 
each method. 

Forest Planting in Northern Michigan. By William B. Piper. 

Vol. VII., No. 2. 

This paper relates to the planting done by the Forest Service on the 
Michigan National Forest. The work has been almost wholly experi- 
mental; something of value has been learned, but much further experi- 
mentation will be necessary. 

VIII — Mensuration. 

Timber Estimating. By Herman Haupt Chapman. Vol, IV, 

No. T. 

Professor Chapman, and one or two other foresters in the country 
doubtless understand forest maps and timber estimating better than any- 
one else. The interest and value of this article is therefore obvious. It 
is a brief outline of some of the more important methods of timber esti- 
mating and of the principles underlying them. Timber estimating is of 
course the phase of the profession closest to the old timber cruisers, a 
work in which foresters, lacking the experience of the timber cruisers, 
have surpassed these formerly infallible men by the use of scientific 
methods. 

A Method of Studying Grozvth and Yield of Longleaf Pine 

Applied in Tyler County, Texas. By Herman Haupt Chapman. 

Vol. IV, No." 2. 

Of all the methods of studying yield devised by foresters, this is the 
most original and interesting. There can be no question that the method 

* The original paper of the same name by Raphael Zon and C. R. Til- 
lotson appeared in Vol. VI. No. 2. 



58 Forestry Quarterly. 

is thoroughly workable and productive of excellent results in longleaf 
and shortleaf pine ; and also that it is equally applicable to western yellow 
pine. Furthermore there seems to be no reason why the method should 
not be used with any species which forms even aged groups. It is at 
present being tried by the Forest Service in the mixed conifer type (west- 
ern yellow pine, sugar pine, incense cedar, Douglas fir and the white fir) 
of the western Sierras, and if successful will probably revolutionize the 
study of yield throughout the entire country. 

The Standardizing of Log Measures. By Edwin Allen Ziegler. 

Vol. IV, No. 2. 

This is a sound article showing clearly the variations caused by different 
log scales and methods of sawing, and advocating the use of the cubic 
foot. It is a specific article contributing something to professional knowl- 
edge and is also partly propagandist. There is no doubt that the author's 
recommendations will eventually be adopted, but not for a long time or 
without a struggle. This should not, however, prevent, foresters from 
keeping the end in view and making every effort to attain it. 

Forest Mapping and Timber Estimating as Developed in Mary- 
land. By Fred W. Besley. Vol. IV, No. 2. 

The work herein described is instructive in that it shows how to get a 
rough but sufficiently accurate idea of forest, areas and stands in a woodlot 
state. It will be of considerable value to those starting forestry for the 
first time in a state, and to foresters in states which have for some time 
applied the science. 

The Log Scale in Theory and Practice. By Harry D. Tieman. 

Vol. V, No. 1. 

This article is the result of much original research in the important 
and complex subject of log measurement, in consequence the author is 
able to give in considerable detail the underlying principles of his subject. 
He has also evolved, as a result of the actual measurement and sawing 
out of 224 perfect logs, an ideal rule which he expresses by a formula. 
The article is a valuable contribution, not. only to the scientific knowledge 
of the profession, but also to the practical application of this knowledge 
to the lumber industry. 

IX — Engineering. 

A System for Getting Topography in Reconnaissance Work in 

the Western Cascades. By Walter H. Leve. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

The article gives the details of the topographic part of the reconnais- 
sance in the western Cascades of Washington. The nature of the subject, 
together with the none too clear style of the author, would make this 
paper difficult to understand for one without much topographic experience. 
Since the article will be read chiefly by men engaged in this work it will 
have value for starting discussion and suggesting improvements. One im- 
provement would be to have the field man complete his sketch in the 
field rather than turn in a series of short contours. 



Forestry in America. 59 

X — Management. 

Some Government Timber Sales in the Southwest from the 

Practical and Technical Standpoint. By Theodore S. Woolsev, 

Jr. Vol. II, No. 1. 

This paper gives an account of mistakes made in the earlier adminis- 
tration of timber sales. These mistakes, however, laid the foundation 
for the better administration of to-day. 

Managing a National Forest from the Business Standpoint. 

By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. Vol. Ill, No. 1. 

This paper throws an interesting light on the administration of the 
National Forests in 1908, and contains valuable suggestions. For example : 
His point about salaries and corresponding efficiency is well taken; his 
suggestions about keeping track of a Forest Officer's work, and about cost 
keeping have since been put into effect ; while his recommendation of a 
more conservative use of the "raw product" (timber) has, owing to the 
necessity for making sales in order to put the Service on a paying basis, 
not yet been followed. However, with proper silvicultural methods of 
timber marking, there is no danger of depleting the capital. 

The New Reconnaissance — Working Plans that Work. By 

Arthur Bernard Recknagel. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

This article is full of details concerning the early attempts of the 
Forest Service to regulate the cut on the National Forests. These at- 
tempts produced valuable information, if small results in a timber sale 
policy. The author also gives the details of the method of reconnaissance 
used for securing working plan data in District 3. This method has 
since been applied on nearly all the Forests of the District, furnishing esti- 
mates sufficiently reliable for all practical purposes, and excellent topo- 
graphic maps. The emphasis placed on mapping and estimating was, 
however, carried to such an extent that the silvicultural method of cutting 
was, until very recently, in danger of being overlooked. Although the 
author in his enthusiasm forgets that "working plans that work" cannot 
be built in a day, he, nevertheless, stirred up interest in this important line 
of forest, activity. 

Preliminary Forest Management in the Southivest. By Theo- 
dore S. Woolsey, Jr. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

Under the above title the author discusses the method of fixing stump- 
age rates, the timber sale policy, and the method of fixing the annual 
limitation to the cut. His statement that all the timber in the Southwest 
will be needed locally is, I believe, over conservative. The population of 
Arizona and New Mexico is small, and will probably not increase greatly 
since most of the available agricultural land is already occupied. Although 
half of the article is devoted to the discussion of stumpage rates, the 
only basis which the reader can discover for the all-important minimum 
rate is competition ; and yet it is only in exceptional cases that more than 
one bid is received. The timber sale policy of reserving certain areas for 
free use or for small sales is wise, and constitutes the soundest part of 
this article. The method of limiting the annual cut is correct enough, but 
tends to give too sanguine an impression of conditions in the region. 
The author fails to point out that this limitation of the cut, however neces- 



6o Forestry Quarterly. 

sary, is at present purely ideal and an object to be striven for, not by 
any means an accomplished fact. Perhaps the trouble is that he is so 
intent upon giving the reader an idea of what has been done that he fails 
to portray the conditions to which his measures must be applied, and 
consequently the effectiveness of these measures. The foreigner reading 
this article would be left with an undeservedly high impression of our rate 
of progress. 

Regulating the Annual Cut of National Forests. By S. Li 

Moore. Vol. V, No. I. 

This article gives a remarkably clear and truthful picture of the con- 
ditions on which regulations of the cut on National Forests must depend. 
By its frank statements of facts it gives a basis for future progress. 

Working Plans for National Forests of the Pacific Northzvest. 
By Burt P. Kirkland. Vol. VI, No. i. 

In this article are two valuable contributions to the profession. First, 
the author explains the principles involved in making working plans, 
illustrating these principles with his own working plan ; second, he de- 
velops strong arguments for the making of working plans. In his ex 
planation of principles in the first part of the article he effectually destroys 
certain fallacies, notably the one about elastic working circles composed 
of any number of National Forests. 

His working plan is built on the area method with a volume check. It 
is a sound, intensely interesting and instructive piece of work with which 
every forester who deals with even aged stands should be familiar. His 
reasons for bringing the Forests up to their full productive capacity are 
logical, but he ignores the danger of overproduction in the lumber 
market which such a course would involve. (See article by W. B. 
Greeley, "National Forest Sales on the Pacific Coast," in Vol. VII, 
No. i). His arguments for the making of working plans are, on the 
whole, thoroughly sound, and should stir up those foresters who wait 
until the need for working plans arrives before making them. The mak- 
ing of a working plan is a matter of years, not of months ; it is never 
too soon to begin collecting the data. Mr. Kirkland's article is, on the 
whole, one of the most thorough, detailed and specific articles, dealing 
with the science of pure forestry, which has ever appeared in the Pro- 
ceedings. It is indispensable for reference. 

The Essentials in Working Plans for National Forests. By 
Barrington Moore. Vol. VI, No. 2. 

Methods for Regulating the Cut on National Forests. By Bar- 
rington Moore. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

XI — Utilization. 

Influence of Lumbering on Forestry. By Austin Cary. Vol. 
Ill, No. 1. 

This is a sound, practical paper. The author shows how foresters fail 
to affect the management of lumbering concerns. This he attributes to 
the foresters' inability to see a proposition from the business standpoint. 



Forestry in America. 61 

He also points out the increasing opportunities for the practice of for- 
estry, chief among which are the large wood-using industries, such as 
pulp mills, which need permanent supplies of raw material, and perma- 
nent resident ownership. The keynote of the paper is the need for a 
proper balance between the technical and business management. The 
author must have the satisfaction of seeing that his principles are now 
recognized by the best foresters throughout the country. 

Shakes and Shake-making in a California Forest. By Charles 

Howard Shinn. Vol. IV, No. 2. 

This article is a complete and detailed account, of shakes and shake- 
making from the earliest times to the present. It is in the nature of a 
memorial and defense of that picturesque but rapidly disappearing in- 
dustry. Interesting figures are given comparing the value of the same 
class of material worked into shakes and sawn by a small portable mill. 

Wood Preservation — A Determining Factor in Forest Manage- 
ment. By Howard Frederick Weiss. Vol. IV, No. 2. 

The author points out the importance of wood preservation in deter- 
mining the composition of future forests, in increasing the value of 
thinnings, in giving value to top logs hitherto a loss in lumbering, and in 
accelerating the removal of dead material. He builds up a strong, but, 
it must be admitted, rather one-sided, argument in favor of wood preserva- 
tion. 

Notes on Management of Redwood Lands. By Swift Berry. 

Vol. VI, No. 1. 

Mr. Berry has given us a brief, yet complete and clear account of the 
utilization of redwood. This is followed by notes on the disposal of 
cleared redwood lands and suggestions for keeping certain of these lands 
permanently in forest. 

Conservation and Chemical Pulp. By Dr. B. Herstein. Vol. 

VI, No. 2. 

The author gives a method of solving the hitherto vexing problem of 
disposing of the injurious waste from the sulphite process of pulp making. 
The method, now successfully used in Sweden, not only effectually does 
away with the damage from the waste, but yields a commercially valu- 
able by-product, alcohol. 

XII — Protection. 

Better Methods of Fire Control. By W. B. Greeley. Vol. VI, 

No. 2. 

This article gives the most clearly thought out methods of preparing 
against and of handling difficult fire situations. It will, of course, be 
remembered that Mr. Greeley was in charge of the District on which 
the great fires of 1910 occurred. The value of this article is such that 
the Forest Service had it reprinted and sent to every Forest Officer in 
the Service. 



62 Forestry Quarterly. 

Fire Problem on the Florida National Forest. By I. F. Eld- 

redge. Vol. VI, No. 2. 

The author gives a striking picture of the conditions on the Florida 
National Forest, and shows the imoossibility of protecting the entire 
Forest. He gives an alternate scheme for concentrating fire protection 
on turpentined areas. The article is extremely instructive, particularly 
for those unfamiliar with Southern conditions, and who would advocate 
indiscriminate fire protection. 

XIII — Forest Influences. 

Chaparral as a Watershed Cover in Southern California. By 

L. C. Miller. Vol. I, No. 3. 

This article is a study of chaparral itself rather than of the value of 
chaparral as a watershed cover. The latter fact is assumed as established, 
and the writer proceeds with his facts about the density of chaparral on 
different slopes, and methods to retain and increase the cover. If his 
premise be granted his article is an excellent plea for fire protection in 
the chaparral covered watersheds of important streams. 

Striking Features of the Water Situation in California. By 

E. A. Sterling. Vol. II, No. 1. 

The author gives a dear and interesting account of the water situation 
in California, showing the vital importance of water, and the public un- 
derstanding of the needs of the case. The article is, however, not scien- 
tific in that it does not show what influence the forests have. It is pri- 
marily of importance for its relation to forestry. 

Relation of Surface Conditions to Streaniflow. By William L. 

Hall and Hu. Maxwell. Vol. IV, No. 2. 

This is a strong article. It is logical, sound, impartial and scientific. 
The point that increased runoff causes decreased evaporation and con- 
sequently decreased precipitation is excellent. 

Forests and Streamflozv — An Experimental Study. By Carlos 

G. Bates. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

This article gives full details of the starting by the Weather Bureau in 
co-operation with the Forest Service of the most complete experiment 
which has ever been undertaken to determine the influence of forests on 
streamflow. Two forested watersheds of as similar character as pos- 
sible have been selected. For a period of years all factors will be meas- 
ured on each watershed, just as they now are, in order to obtain an ac- 
curate comparison of the two. Then one watershed will be denuded and 
the other left forested. The effect will be accurately noted and cannot 
fail to yield the most accurate and convincing results. 

XIV — Economics. 

How Shall Forests be Taxed? By Alfred Gaskill. Vol. I, 
No. 3. 

This article is an expose of the important principles of forest taxa- 



Forestry in America. 63 

tion, showing the injustice of the methods of taxation commonly used 
at present. It is also an .attempt to adapt a complex problem to a crude 
and difficult situation. It shows that we must build up our own Forest 
Economics. 

Forest Fire Insurance in Germany. By Samuel J. Record. 
Vol. II, No. 1. 

Mr Record gives a brief and interesting outline of the methods of fire 
insurance used in Germany, showing that the calculation is based on 
one of three methods of valuation, either on the cost value of the stand, 
on the forest expectation value, or on sale value ; and that the rate in- 
creases with fire danger of the stand. The article gives a glimpse ahead 
at very intensive forestry which probably will not be applied in the United 
States for a number of years, but is none the less worth knowing about. 

Forestry for Railroads. By E. A. Sterling. Vol. IV, No. 1. 

Mr. Sterling touches very closely the relation of the profession of for- 
estry to the industrial world. The reason why the railroad has not taken 
up forestry is that foresters have failed to show railroad men forestry 
from a business standpoint. The importance of forestry to railroads lies 
not in planting, but in the management of timber lands. 

The article is extremely interesting and instructive, but of necessity 
too vague. Mr. Sterling does not know enough about railroading, nor 
does any other forester. This ignorance is the vital trouble with the 
profession generally, for, unless forestry becomes an integral part of 
the business life of the country and answers its needs it can never be 
of any real value to the nation. The Service must graduate to where it 
feels ashamed of being unable to answer the questions which the railroad 
puts to it, and which Mr. Sterling so clearly enumerates. Most certainly, 
as he says, the Forest Service should uphold the railroad in the owner- 
ship of timberlands and in the disposal of minor products. 

National Forest Sales on the Pacific Coast. By W. B. Greeley. 

Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This article shows clearly the underlying economic and business princi- 
ples which should and actually do guide the Forest Service in handling 
the problem of timber sales. The principles are broad, sound and thor- 
oughly practical and justly a deviation from the strict silvicultural re- 
quirements. The article is the result of clear thinking. 

Timber Bonds. By Edward A. Brainift". Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This article contains a long and very detailed account of bonds issued 
by lumber companies on the security of their timber lands. The author 
goes into all the features of these issues, giving many warnings to the 
prospective investor, but leaving impressed upon his mind a very favorable 
opinion of timber bonds and a keen desire to secure some. The article 
is well written and the information imparted interesting, but its connec- 
tion with forestry is too remote. 

XV — Legislation. 

What are the Essentials of a State Fire Law? By E. A. Ster- 
ling. Vol. I, No. 3. 
This paper deals chiefly with the provisions of the California fire law, 



64 Forestry Quarterly. 

at that time before the State Legislature. It nevertheless shows clearly 
the essentials of any ideal State fire law, which are: first, the preven- 
tion of fires; and second, adequate machinery for the execution of the 
law. Although the paper was written eight years ago, it is still well 
worth while reading and understanding, particularly for those engaged 
in State forestry. 

XVI — Education. 

Some Problems in Forest Education. By Henry S. Graves. 

Vol. II, No. 1. 

In this paper the author strikes the keynote of the policy which should 
and does prevail in the best forest schools of the country. It is the im- 
portance of a broad and thorough technical training. He shows that 
American foresters need a broader training than do foresters in Europe. 
He mentions the leading subjects and shows their bearing, pointing out 
especially the need of learning to do research work, and of an understand- 
ing of fundamental principles in order to build up the new profession. 
His proposal for giving a different kind of training for technical foresters 
and for lumberman and rangers is the answer to the cry, at that time very 
insistent, for a more practical training. In fact, the paper might be con- 
sidered somewhat in the nature of a defense of the system of thorough 
technical training. 

XVII— Botany. 

The Catalpa Septum- A Factor in Distinguishing Hardy Ca- 

talpa. By William H. Lamb. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

Mr. Lamb gives one dependable characteristic by which the two catalpas 
may readily be distinguished; in distinguishing two similar species one 
dependable character is worth any number of variable ones. 

A Synopsis of the Red Firs. By William H. Lamb. Vol. VII, 

No. 2. 

The author describes and illustrates with plates a few characteristics of 
the leaf and bract of the three firs, Abies nobilis, Abies shastensis and 
Abies magnifica, which render possible the sure and easy distinguishing of 
these hitherto confusing species. 

XVIII — Auxiliary Subjects. 

soils. 

Forests as Gatherers of Nitrogen. By Treadwell Cleveland, 

Jr. Vol. V, No. 1. 

The author of this paper relates in a manner which can be understood 
by the layman some interesting experiments proving that forests increase 
the nitrogen content of the soil. He also states the opposing theories of 
Boussingault and R. Hartig as to how this complex and little understood 
process is carried on. 



Forestry in America. 65 

FOREST PATHOLOGY. 

Parasitism of Phoradendron Juniperinum Libocedri Bngelm. 

By E. P. Meincke. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

In this article the author gives with scientific precision the details of 
his study of this interesting and peculiar mistletoe. He discovered that 
this plant, when it reaches a high age, lives without green exterior or- 
gans, and concludes that from the beginning it normally abstracts not 
only water and inorganic salts from the incense cedar, but organic food 
as well. This conclusion, as he states, still needs anatomical proof. 

Use of Soil Fungicides to Prevent Damping-Off of Coniferous 

Seedlings. By Carl Hartley. Vol. VII, No. 1. 

This article presents briefly the results of experiments at the Halsey 
nursery in the sandhills of Nebraska, aiming to check the loss caused 
by damping-off. Different acids were used in different strengths. The 
results with sulphuric acid were satisfactory, but of course can not be 
applied directly to other conditions. They, however, serve as a valu- 
able suggestion for carrying on similar experiments elsewhere. 

WOOD TECHNOLOGY. 

The Philippines as a Source of General Construction Timber. 

By Dr. H. N. Whitford. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

The author gives a concise account of the commercially important tim- 
bers of the Philippines; showing where they are found, the stand oer 
acre, and important technical qualities of each. He emphasizes the pre- 
dominance of the Dipterocarp family of which the most important are 
the lavans, the apitongs, and the yacals. It is interesting to note that 
these forests, contrary to the popular idea, do not. contain merely "hard, 
durable timbers, scattered and hard to extract," but large quantities of 
cheap construction timbers. (For further information on the Philippines 
see article by R. C. Bryant, Vol. II, No. 1.) 

History of the Investigation of Vessels in Wood. By C. D. 

Mell. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

This article is a history of the investigation of vessels in wood, begin- 
ning with Malpighi (1628-1604) to Von Mohl (1842), most space being- 
devoted to Von Mohl. The article contains no original researches, but 
is a resume of the investigations of European scientists, and, as such, 
forms a useful contribution to this phase of wood technology. 

GRAZING. 

Grazing in the National Forests. By L. F\ Kneipp. Vol. VII, 
No. 2. 

This paper deals with relationship between the live stock industry and 
the National Forests, and the dependence of this industry upon the forage 
which the Forests contain. The effect of grazing on the Forests, and of 
forestry on grazing is mentioned, and the importance of not disturbing 
the grazing industry is emphasized. The great benefits which the live 
stock industry has received from regulation of the range by the Forest 
Service are barely touched upon. 



66 Forestry Quarterly. 

Range Improvements and Improved Methods of Handling 

Stock in National Forests. By J. T. Jardine. Vol. VII, No. 2. 

Range management is one of the big problems of the Forest Service. 
Mr. Jardine gives clearly the main lines of work; first, the improvement 
of the forage crop, both through artificial reseeding (only practicable on 
■.united areas) and through natural reseeding by allowing the grass to pro- 
duce seed before it is eaten, thus strengthening the plants, seeding the 
area, and utilizing the forage at the same time; second, the study and 
application of new methods of handling sheep, which both increase the 
carrying capacity of the range, and the value of the sheep ; third, experi- 
ments to determine the effect of grazing on tree reproduction; fourth, a 
grazing reconnaissance, to map and collect notes on the grazing resources 
of the National Forests. The paper gives a glimpse of scientific grazing 
work. 

Translations. 

Translations', in that they are not original articles, and do not 
belong to American forestry are placed at the end. Since, how- 
ever, they will be useful for reference, they are included. 

A New Method of Planting. By Morris Kenzenik. Trans- 
lated from the German by S. T. Dana and E. H. Frothingham. 
Vol. IV, No. 2. 

This article is well worth while knowing about, and adds greatly to the 
American foresters' knowledge of planting. 

Experiments in the Preservation of Forest Seeds. By E. 

Zederbauer. Translation by Max H. Foerster. Vol. VI, No. 1. 

This article gives the results of some important German experiments in 
preserving the germinating power of tree seed by different methods of 
storage. The important point is to check as far as possible respiration 
and transpiration. This is done by means of temperatures below centi- 
grade, sufficient moisture, and, sometimes, by the exclusion of air with- 
out using such low temperature. 

Conclusion. 

The foregoing papers show the subjects to which the Society 
of American Foresters have given most attention. The strength 
of Silvics and Silviculture stand out particularly since these are 
subjects about which Americans must secure their own data and 
build up their own practice. Utilization has two strong articles 
which, it is hoped, are a sign of the connection which will even- 
tually be established between the profession and the lumber in- 
dustry, — a connection necessary for the welfare of both. 

The papers taken in chronological order do not show a perfect 
upward curve, some of the best papers appearing in the early 
numbers, yet the general progress is noticeable. American for- 
esters are more and more devoting themselves to specific prob- 
lems, rather than generalities. 



Forestry in America. 



67 



INDEX. 



> 

Alabama, yellow pine 

forests, IV 

Appalachians, Southern 

bibliography, VI 

Bonds, timber, VII 

Border cuttings, Wag- 
ner's method VII 

Brandis, Sir Dietrich,. Ill 
Brush and trees on 
Crater Na- 
tional For- 
est VII 

" lands, use of 
goats in 
clearing, . . VI 
Business management 

of National Forests, III 
California, water situ- 
ation II 

Canada, forest re- 
sources and prob- 
lems, VII 

Catalpa, distinction by 

septum VII 

Kansas planta- 
tions VI 

Central Rocky Moun- 
tain forests, silvicul- 
tural management, . . VII 
Chaparral on the Sis- 
kiyou Na- 
t i on a 1 
Forest, . VII 
watershed 
cover in 
Southern 
Califor- 
nia, .... I 
Chemical pulp, source 

of alcohol, VI 

China, deforestation,.. 1 
Damping off preven- 

, tion, VII 

Douglas fir, natural vs. 
artificial regenera- 
tion, VII 

Ecology, forest types 
and plant forma- 
tions, IV 

Education, problems, . . II 
Estimating timber, . . . IV 
Eucalyptus, growing of, V 
possibilities 
in south- 
ern Ari- 
zona, ... VI 



P-, 



1 72 

2 173 

1 58 

2 145 

1 4 



2 212 

I IO8 

I 41 

1 20 

2 133 
I 80 
I 42 

I 106 

1 82 

3 147 

2 120 

3 141 

1 96 

2 187 



I 50 
I 48 
I II4 
I 109 



I 98 



> 

Experiment stations on 

National Forests, . . IV 
Fire control, better 

methods, VI 

" insurance in Ger- 
many, II 

" problem on Flor- 
i d a National 

Forest VI 

" results in Rocky 

Mountains, ... I 
Florida National For- 
est problem, VI 

Forestry, generaliza- 
tion by Roosevelt. . . I 
Forest influences, .... IV 
.... VI 
" reserves, objec- 
tions to in 
northern Cal- 
ifornia, I 

" reserve policy, 
a p p 1 i cation 
and possibili- 
ties, I 

" types and plant 
form ations, 
ecological, . . IV 
" types, principles 
in determin- 
ing, I 

Fungicides in soil, 
damping off preven- 
tion, VII 

Grazing, improved 

methods, . . VII 
" in N at i on al 

Forests, . . . VII 
Hawaii, forest prob- 
lems, II 

Insurance, forest fire 

in Germany, II 

Law, State fire, I 

Loblolly and shortleaf 

pine, management,.. V 
Lodgepole pine, repro- 
duction, . IV 
pine, silvical 
notes, . . . Ill 
Log scale in theory 

and practice, V 

Log scales, standard- 
ization IV 

Longleaf Pine yield, 
Texas, IV 






Oh 


I 


22 


2 


153 


I 


95 


2 


166 


2 


102 


2 


166 


I 
2 
I 


3 
133 

53 



2 


41 


1 


50 


3 


173 


1 


06 


2 


l6o 


2 


153 


1 


29 


1 

3 


95 
I-J2 


1 


84 


I 


84 


1 


82 


1 


18 


2 


172 


2 


2O7 



68 



Forestry Quarterly. 



O O cs 
> 55 Oh 

Lumbering, influence 
on forestry Ill i 67 

Management, prelimin- 
ary in Southwest, . . IV i 107 

Mapping and estimat- 
ing, methods in 
Maryland, IV 2 196 

Marking timber, silvi- 
cultural results of,. . Ill 1 18 

Michigan, planting ex- 
periments VII 2 205 

Middle West, forest 
problems, Ill 1 90 

Minnesota National 

Forest, cuttings, .... VII 1 100 

National Forests — 
business management, III 1 41 
(Minnesota) — 

cuttings, VII 1 100 

experiment sta- 
tions, IV 1 22 

(Florida) — 

fire problem, VI 2 166 

grazing, VII 2 153 

regulation of cut,. V 1 101 
(Pacific Coast) — 
sales of timber, . . VI 1 42 
working plans, ... VI 2 m 
(Pacific Coast, N.— 
W.)— 
working plans, . . . VI 1 16 

Nitrogen gathered by 
forests, V 1 131 

Nursery practice, prob- 
lems, IV 1 42 

Pennsylvania, State 
forestry and the 
public, IV 1 64 

Philippines, forest, 
problems II 1 3 

Philippines, source of 
construction timber, . * VI 1 64 

Phoradendron juniper- 
inum libocedri, para- 
sitism, VII 1 35 

P i c e a sitchensis of 
Alaska, VII 2 226 

Pinus contorta repro- 
duction, IV 1 84 

Pinus contorta silvical 
notes Ill 1 82 

Pinus palustris of Ala- 
bama, IV 1 72 

Pinus ponderosa, silvi- 

cultural systems, . . . VII 2 168 

Pinus sabiniana, eco- 
nomic possibilities, . . VI 1 68 



Pinus taeda and Pinus 
echinata, m a n a g e - 
ment, 

Planting, experiments 
in northern Michi- 
gan, 

Planting, experiments 
in sandhills, 

Planting, new method, 

Policy of forest re- 
serves, application 
and possibilities, . . . 

Prairies, why treeless,. 

Public lands, 

Pulp, chemical, source 
of alcohol, 

Railroads, relation to 
forestry 

Reconnaissance, new 
methods, 

Red firs, synopsis of,. . 

Redwood, management, 

Regulation of cut — 

methods of, 

on National For- 
ests, 

Sales of timber — 

in Southwest, 

National Forests of 
Pacific Coast 

Sample plots, establish- 
ment, 

Sandhill planting ex- 
periments, 

Seeds, preservation of, 

Seed production — 

discussion, 

study, 

Selection system, .... 

Sequoia sempervirens. 
management, 

Shakes, making in Cal- 
ifornia, 

Shortleaf and loblolly 
pine, management, . 

Sierras, system of 
management, 

Silviculture, American, 
Lodgepole 
Pine. . . 
results of 
marking 
timber, 
virgin for- 
ests, . . . 



3 4 * 

> £ Ph 



V 1 84 



Vli 


2 


205 


V 
IV 


I 

2 


59 
221 


I 
I 
I 


2 

3 

2 


9i 

158 

53 


VI 


2 


129 


IV 




30 


IV 

VII 

VI 

VII 


2 


I 
184 
104 

11 


V 




IOI 


II 




115 


VII 




42 


II 




63 


V 

VI 




59 
92 


VII 

VI 

V 


2 


117 

133 
1 


VI 




104 


IV 


2 


151 


V 




84 


II 
III 




103 
29 



III 



82 



III I 18 

I 2 62 



Forestry in America. 



69 



> £ £ 
W estern 
Y e 1 low 

Pine, . . VII 2 168 
Sitka spruce of Alaska, VII 2 26 
Soil acidity, relation 

to plants, VII 1 51 

Southern Appalach- 
ians, bibliography, . VI 2 173 
Southern yellow pine 

of Alabama, IV 1 72 

State, forestry prob- 
lems, VII 2 177 

Streamflow, effect of 

surface conditions, . IV 2 133 
Streamflow, forest in- 
fluence experiment,. VI 1 53 
Taxation of forests,. . I 3 115 

Thinnings, strip, VI 1 38 

Timber for construc- 
t i o n , from 
Philippines, VI 1 64 

sales, II 1 115 

sales, VII 1 42 

estimating. ... IV 1 114 



Tolerance and intoler- 
ance, new 
planation, 
further con- 
siderations 
Topography, getting in 
western Cascades, . . 
Virgin forests, silvi- 
culture, 

Western yellow pine, 

silvicultural systems, 

Willow for baskets in 

•Germany, 

Wood, investigations 
in vessels of,. 
" preservation, 
Working plans — 
essentials for Na- 
tional Forests, . . . 
National Forests on 
Pacific Northwest, 
Yellow pine forests, 

Alabama, 

Yield, longleaf pine in 
Texas, 





> 


f! Oil 


II 


1 79 


III 


1 3 


VII 


2 197 


I 


2 62 


VII 


2 168 


V 


1 *37 


VI 
IV 


1 78 

2 185 


VI 


2 III 


VI 


I 16 


IV 


I 72 


IV 


2 207 




021 5299004 



